![]() Muhammad shared these revelations - which brought uncompromising monotheism to humanity - with his companions who wrote them down and/or memorized them. ![]() See also: Historical reliability of the Quran, History of the Quran, and Historicity of Muhammad Traditional view Īccording to Islamic tradition, which criticism may question or contradict, the Quran followed a passage from heaven down to the angel Gabriel (Jabreel) who revealed it in the seventh century CE over 23 years to an Hejazi Arab trader, Muhammad, who became the Prophet of Islam. According to Toby Lester, many Muslims find not only the religious fault-finding but also Western scholarly investigation of textual evidence "disturbing and offensive". The most common criticisms concern various pre-existing sources that Quran relies upon, internal consistency, clarity and ethical teachings. ![]() In "critical-historical study" scholars (such as John Wansbrough, Joseph Schacht, Patricia Crone, Michael Cook) seek to investigate and verify the Quran's origin, text, composition, history, examining questions, puzzles, difficult text, etc. accepted by Muslim Islamic scholars but also in the sense of being found fault with by those - including Christian missionaries and other skeptics hoping to convert Muslims - who argue it is not divine, not perfect, and/or not particularly morally elevated. The Quran has been subject to criticism both in the sense of being the subject of an interdisciplinary field of study where secular, (mostly) Western scholars set aside doctrines of its divinity, perfection, unchangeability, etc. The Quran is viewed to be the scriptural foundation of Islam and is believed by Muslims to have been sent down by Allah (God) and revealed to Muhammad by the angel Jabreel ( Gabriel).
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